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forests --- Forest resources --- sociocultural environment --- socioeconomic environment --- Forestry policies --- Forest management --- Sustainable development --- Environmental impact --- History --- world --- Forests and forestry --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees

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ZV Ecology --- tropical Asia --- Rain forests --- Forests and forestry --- Rainforests --- Tropical rain forests --- Tropical rainforests --- Cloud forests --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Rain forests - Southeast Asia --- Forests and forestry - Southeast Asia

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Forest surveys --- Forests and forestry --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Statistical methods. --- Ressource forestière --- Forest resources --- Inventaire forestier --- Forest inventories --- Échantillonnage --- Sampling --- Méthodologie --- methodology --- Random sampling --- Statistics of sampling --- Statistics --- Mathematical statistics --- Forest surveying --- Natural resources surveys --- Vegetation surveys --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Statistical methods --- Surveying --- Forest surveys - Statistical methods. --- Forests and forestry - Statistical methods.

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The book is an essential reference source on reaction wood for wood scientists and technologists, plant biologists, silviculturists, forest ecologists, and anyone involved in the growing of trees and the processing of wood. It brings together our current understanding of all aspects of reaction wood, and is the first book to compare and discuss both compression wood and tension wood. Trees produce reaction wood to maintain the vertical orientation of their stems and the optimum angle of each branch. They achieve this by laying down fibre cell walls in which differences in physical and chemical structure from those of normal fibres are expressed as differential stresses across the stem or branch. This process, while of obvious value for the survival of the tree, causes serious problems for the utilisation of timber. Timber derived from trees containing significant amounts of reaction wood is subject to dimensional instability on drying, causing distortion and splitting. It is also difficult to work as timber, and for the pulp and paper industry the cost of removing the increased amount of lignin in compression wood is substantial. This has both practical and economic consequences for industry. Understanding the factors controlling reaction wood formation and its effect on wood structure is therefore fundamental to our understanding of the adaptation of trees to their environment and to the sustainable use of wood. The topics covered include: -Morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood -Cell-wall polymers in reaction wood and their biosynthesis -Changes in tree proteomes during reaction wood formation <-The biomechanical action and biological functions of reaction wood - Physical and mechanical properties of reaction wood from the scale of cell walls to planks -The detection and characterisation of compression wood -Effects of reaction wood on the performance of wood and wood-based products - Commercial implications of reaction wood and the influence of forest management on its formation.

Trees. --- Forests and forestry. --- Forest products industry. --- Forest industries --- Forestry industry --- Wood products industry --- Wood-using industries --- Plant products industry --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Forests and forestry --- Forest products industry --- Arbres --- Forêts et sylviculture --- Produits forestiers --- Industrie --- Wood. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant anatomy. --- Wood Science & Technology. --- Forestry. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Tree Biology. --- Botany --- Plant structure --- Plants --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Physiology --- Building materials --- Forest products --- Structure --- Forest products. --- Plant development. --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Botany, Economic --- Commercial products --- Raw materials --- Ontogeny

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The subject of nondestructive evaluation of wood properties has its origin in the necessity to solve practical problems. This book comprehensively reviews numerous aspects of imaging and nondestructive characterization of wood products ranging from trees to the most complex wood-based composite. The text is of particular interest to those who are concerned with the study of wood as an engineering material for fundamental research or practical application. It presents the imaging of the internal structure of wood with methods based on the propagation of electromagnetic waves, elastic waves and heat, and imaging with nuclear particle radiation based methods.

dendrology --- techniques --- testing --- wood --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Forestry -- Forest Products -- Wood and Wood Products --- Nondestructive testing. --- Wood --- ALLW. --- Testing. --- Nondestructive testing --- Timber --- Evaluation, Nondestructive --- Materials --- NDE (Testing) --- NDT (Testing) --- Non-destructive testing --- Nondestructive evaluation --- Testing --- Materials science. --- Forest products. --- Forestry. --- Acoustics. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant development. --- Materials Science, general. --- Wood Science & Technology. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Plants --- Botany --- Plant structure --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Botany, Economic --- Commercial products --- Raw materials --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Ontogeny --- Structure --- WOOD --- NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS --- TESTING